You can make finder show the current path (including file path) with Cmd+Option+P. You can manipulate the path with Cmd+Shift+G. These options are also right there in the menus.
Cmd+Shift+G does not seem to default to the current location. Over here, I just tried it and got ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData. I haven't been there in months. So it's a significant step down from hitting Cmd+L in a browser.
The actual keyboard shortcut, if you'd like to reproduce the behavior you get with Cmd+L in a browser, is Cmd+Opt+C Cmd+Shift+G Cmd+V.
You can start typing a relative path and that works from the directory you're in. If you have folder/sub and you are in folder, you can type 'sub/' to enter it. Only navigating up is not possible I think.
Did you even use Finder or are you just trolling?