A lot of apps that I use support midi input. The Launchpad has a webapp that lets you configure the outputs of each pad to send different types of MIDI outputs.
The only hitch is that the Launchpad doesn't send NoteOff messages, it sends NoteOn twice with the second time being volume 0.
For apps that don't support MIDI input, there's a tool called Midikey2key which lets you map MIDI messages to keyboard inputs/shortcuts.
Ah, so it gotta be done on the OS level, and the approach would differ per individual midi device (to set which exact midi signals are sent per button) and OS (for automating actions based on those signals received)?