This was much more common in the first 2/3 of the 20th century than it is today. I can strongly recommend Theory of Probability (de Finetti, compiled 1970 based on work de Finetti did as early as 1930s) and Foundations of Statistics (Savage, 1972) – the latter leans a bit on the former but expands on it with useful perspectives.
I recommend you start with these basic theoretical books to get a sense of what it's all built on. But then if you want more practical advice about how to handle things, books on sampling theory tend to hit a sweetspot between theory and practise, in my experience. I like Sampling Techniques (Cochran, 1953) and Sampling of Populations (Levy & Lemeshow, 2013).
I recommend you start with these basic theoretical books to get a sense of what it's all built on. But then if you want more practical advice about how to handle things, books on sampling theory tend to hit a sweetspot between theory and practise, in my experience. I like Sampling Techniques (Cochran, 1953) and Sampling of Populations (Levy & Lemeshow, 2013).